Turbo Pascal while working at Initial release 1983; 35 years ago ( 1983), /, Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a and an (IDE) for the running on, and, developed by under 's leadership. For versions 6 and 7 (last), both a lower-priced Turbo Pascal and more expensive Borland Pascal were produced; Borland Pascal was more oriented towards professional software development, with more libraries and standard library source code. The name Borland Pascal is also used more generically for Borland's dialect of the Pascal programming language, significantly different from Standard Pascal. Borland has released three old versions of Turbo Pascal free of charge because of their historical interest: the original Turbo Pascal (now known as 1.0), and versions 3.02 and 5.5 for DOS. Contents. Motivation and release first saw an opportunity for Borland, his newly formed software company, in the field of programming tools. Historically, the vast majority of programmers saw their workflow in terms of the edit/compile/link cycle, with separate tools dedicated to each task.
Programmers wrote using a; the source code was then compiled into (often requiring multiple passes), and a combined object code with runtime libraries to produce an executable program. In the early IBM PC market (1981–83) the major vendors all made compilers that worked in a similar fashion. For example, the system consisted of two compiler passes and a final linking pass (which could take minutes on systems with only floppy disks for secondary storage, although programs were very much smaller than they are today). This process was less resource-intensive than the later (IDE).
Vendors of software development tools aimed their products at professional developers, and the price for these basic tools plus ancillary tools like ran into the hundreds of dollars. Kahn's idea was to package all these functions in an integrated programming toolkit designed to have much better performance and resource utilisation than the usual professional development tools, and charge a low price for a package integrating a custom text editor, compiler, and all functionality need to produce executable programs. The program was sold by direct mail order for $49.95, without going through established sales channels (retailers or resellers). Unlike some other development tools, Turbo Pascal disks had no. Turbo Pascal came with the famous 'Book License': 'You must treat this software just like a book.
it may be used by any number of people. May be freely moved from one computer location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being used at one location while it's being used at another.'
Reception of wrote in February 1984 that Turbo Pascal 'comes close to what I think the computer industry is headed for: well documented, standard, plenty of good features, and a reasonable price'. Pournelle disliked the requirement to buy another license to distribute binaries, but noted that 'it turns out not to be a lot more.
Borland only wants another $100' more than the $49.95 base price, and that 'my first impression of Turbo is that it's probably worth $149.95. It looks to do everything with the Speed Programming Package does, and maybe even do it faster and better'. He reported in July that, according to Kahn, IBM had refused to resell Turbo Pascal unless the price was at least $200; Pournelle noted that 'Turbo is much better than the Pascal IBM sells', and unlike the latter was compatible with the. Three BYTE reviewers praised Turbo Pascal in the same issue. One called the DOS version 'without doubt, the best software value I have ever purchased', and another called the CP/M version 'an excellent product.
Borland deserves praise for this high-value product'. The third stated that it was 'not a good compiler for developing massive applications', but added that it was greatly superior to, the programming language usually associated with home computers at the time.
He concluded that Turbo Pascal was 'a bargain that shouldn't be passed up'. Despite finding what it described as 'a serious bug' in version 3.0, and decreased compatibility with, the magazine in February 1986 stated that 'it is hard to avoid recommending Turbo to anyone who wants to program in Pascal', citing improved speed and graphic routines. When reviewing four other Pascal compilers in December 1986, BYTE described Turbo Pascal as 'practical and attractive to programmers at all levels of expertise'. Also praised the language in the magazine, stating in August 1985 that Turbo Pascal 'is best known for its small size, incredible compile speeds, and fast execution times'.
He noted that the software's quality and low price had been especially surprising after the ' fiasco', and stated that even at the new higher $69.95 price, version 3.0 was 'probably still the best software deal on the market'. Was similarly complimentary in November 1984, stating that 'nothing like Turbo Pascal has ever existed for PC-DOS before'. It praised the software's low price, speed, unusually good documentation for a compiler, and noted the existence of many utilities from other companies that hoped to benefit from Turbo Pascal's popularity. The review stated that the IDE that simplified the edit-compile-run-debug loop made Turbo Pascal accessible to new programmers like BASIC. BYTE in 1989 listed Turbo C and Turbo Pascal as among the 'Distinction' winners of the BYTE Awards. Citing their user interface and continued emphasis on speed, the magazine stated that 'for rapid prototyping there's not much better'. In the same issue Pournelle again praised version 4.0 and 5.0 of Turbo Pascal.
Citing as 'a good example of how complex a program you can write in Pascal', and the many libraries available from Borland and other developers, he wrote 'I am more and more convinced that Turbo Pascal is the programming language of choice for people who are more interested in what they want the machine to do than in how to make that happen. Turbo Pascal may be neither as elegant nor as portable as C, but it's sure less obscure. I think it may well be the language for the rest of us'. Borland sold about 250,000 copies of Turbo Pascal in two years, which Webster described as 'an amazing figure for a computer language'.
He reported six months later that the figure had risen to 'more than 400,000 copies in a marketplace that had been estimated as having only 30,000 potential buyers'. CP/M and DOS versions. Gajic, Zarko. ^ Intersimone, David (2000-02-01). Embarcadero Technologies. ^ Intersimone, David (2000-02-10).
Embarcadero Technologies. ^ Intersimone, David (2002-02-21). Embarcadero Technologies.
(February 1984). Retrieved 8 February 2015. (July 1984). Retrieved November 8, 2011. Wadlow, Tom; Pierce, Al; Bridger, Mark (July 1984). BYTE (review).
Retrieved 23 October 2013. Bridger, Mark (February 1986).
Retrieved 9 May 2015. Shammas, Namir Clement (December 1986). Retrieved 9 May 2015. ^ (August 1985). Retrieved 27 October 2013. Duntemann, Jeff (1984-11-13). Retrieved 25 October 2013.
January 1989. (January 1989). Webster, Bruce (February 1986). Retrieved 9 May 2015. Chapman, Merrill R. Borland made its debut in the industry in a big way with the release of Turbo Pascal in November 1983. Turbo Pascal was a port to DOS and CP/M of Anders Hejlsberg's COMPAS Pascal, and it was released by Borland at a price that seemed amazing at that time: $49.95, about one-tenth the price of comparable products.
Wallace, James; Erickson, Jim (1992). 'Growing Pains'.
Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. Embarcadero Web site: Antique Software: Turbo Pascal v3.02.
'Turbo Pascal 3 was the first Turbo Pascal version to support overlays, the Intel 8087 math co-processor and BCD math.' CDN » Museum. Borland Software Corporation. From the original on 2004-02-03. Retrieved 2013-04-01. Borland Software Corporation. Archived from on 2003-08-13.
C++ Cmmdc
Note to international users: This free Turbo Pascal 7 is available in French Only. The US version of Turbo Pascal 7 is not available as free download yet. For the US version please download Turbo Pascal 5.5 US below. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-16. CS1 maint: Unfit url Web page discussing the cause of the error and various solutions.
Originally I was going to link to the tracks on youtube but as I don’t know the specific remixes it would serve to be a little pointless. Body combat 18. Rumour has it that many of these tracks were covers – which I have a theory on (I think if true it may have to do with the proposed massive increases in licensing fees fitness centres would have to pay for music rights – see for more info).
Retrieved 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2015-11-16. (in German).
Cheng, Allen (1997). Retrieved 2010-09-28. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to., now hosted by Embarcadero Technologies., a description of the Turbo Pascal 3.0 compiler., complete source code of a Turbo Pascal 7.0-compatible compiler.
. function Fact (X: Integer ): Longint;.
begin. if X 1. then Fact:= Fact (X - 1 ). X.
else Fact:= 1. end; Dupa se poate vedea, recursivitatea permite si formularea mai eleganta a solutiei. Sa incercam sa intelegem ce se intampla. Factorial de N (notat si N!) este definit ca o inmultire succesiva a numerelor de la 1 la N (1 x 2 x. Din asta putem vedea ca N! Este egal cu (N-1)!
La randul lui, (N-1)! X (N-1) si asta poate continua, pana cand N este egal cu 1. Daca incercam sa calculam 1! Folosind aceeasi relatie (adica 1! X 1) o sa cam dam gres, fiindca 0, inmultit cu orice numar, da 0. Pe scurt, daca avem un caz initial caruia ii stim rezultatul, iar restul cazurilor se pot rezolva in functie de cazul initial, problema poate fi rezolvata recursiv.
Cazul initial, pe functia de mai sus, este cazul in care X nu este mai mare decat 1 (adica este mai mic sau egal!), acest caz avand rezultatul 1. Pentru orice alta valoare pozitiva a lui X, rezolvarea se face in functie de X-1, pana cand X ajunge in cazul initial. Ca urmare, aceste doua relatii de mai sus:. N! = 1 sunt tot ce ne trebuie pentru a ne defini functia recursiva de calculare a factorialului. Sa vedem ce se intampla, pas cu pas, pentru N egal cu 3.
Fact(3). X = 3 - apelam Fact(2) si inmultim cu 3. X = 2 - apelam Fact(1) si inmultim cu 2. X = 1 - 1, se termina functia, revenim in apelul precedent. Fact = 1, care inmultit cu 2 este egal cu 2, revenim in apelul precedent. Fact = 2, care inmultit cu 3 este egal cu 6, se termina functia si revenim in locul unde a fost initial apelata functia.
Deci, daca avem o problema care poate fi exprimata prin subprobleme ale ei si putem gasi o conditie de terminare a apelurilor recursive (in acest caz, X = 1), problema poate fi rezolvata printr-un subprogram recursiv. Atentie: Apelurile recursive consuma relativ multa memorie. Daca o problema poate fi rezolvata iterativ (fara apeluri recursive), e de preferat (in general) ca problema sa fie rezolvata iterativ.
O lista prea lunga de apeluri recursive poate genera 'stack overflow' si bloca programul / calculatorul. Pentru edificare, atasez acelasi program care calculeaza factorialul, modificat pentru a afisa ce se intampla. Sper sa va fie de ajutor, impreuna cu explicatiile de mai sus.
Codul sursa al programului.
Turbo Pascal while working at Initial release 1983; 35 years ago ( 1983), /, Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a and an (IDE) for the running on, and, developed by under 's leadership. For versions 6 and 7 (last), both a lower-priced Turbo Pascal and more expensive Borland Pascal were produced; Borland Pascal was more oriented towards professional software development, with more libraries and standard library source code. The name Borland Pascal is also used more generically for Borland's dialect of the Pascal programming language, significantly different from Standard Pascal. Borland has released three old versions of Turbo Pascal free of charge because of their historical interest: the original Turbo Pascal (now known as 1.0), and versions 3.02 and 5.5 for DOS. Contents.
Motivation and release first saw an opportunity for Borland, his newly formed software company, in the field of programming tools. Historically, the vast majority of programmers saw their workflow in terms of the edit/compile/link cycle, with separate tools dedicated to each task. Reforestation tool eugene oregon. Programmers wrote using a; the source code was then compiled into (often requiring multiple passes), and a combined object code with runtime libraries to produce an executable program.
In the early IBM PC market (1981–83) the major vendors all made compilers that worked in a similar fashion. For example, the system consisted of two compiler passes and a final linking pass (which could take minutes on systems with only floppy disks for secondary storage, although programs were very much smaller than they are today). This process was less resource-intensive than the later (IDE). Vendors of software development tools aimed their products at professional developers, and the price for these basic tools plus ancillary tools like ran into the hundreds of dollars.
Kahn's idea was to package all these functions in an integrated programming toolkit designed to have much better performance and resource utilisation than the usual professional development tools, and charge a low price for a package integrating a custom text editor, compiler, and all functionality need to produce executable programs. The program was sold by direct mail order for $49.95, without going through established sales channels (retailers or resellers). Unlike some other development tools, Turbo Pascal disks had no.
Turbo Pascal came with the famous 'Book License': 'You must treat this software just like a book. it may be used by any number of people. May be freely moved from one computer location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being used at one location while it's being used at another.' Reception of wrote in February 1984 that Turbo Pascal 'comes close to what I think the computer industry is headed for: well documented, standard, plenty of good features, and a reasonable price'. Pournelle disliked the requirement to buy another license to distribute binaries, but noted that 'it turns out not to be a lot more. Borland only wants another $100' more than the $49.95 base price, and that 'my first impression of Turbo is that it's probably worth $149.95.
It looks to do everything with the Speed Programming Package does, and maybe even do it faster and better'. He reported in July that, according to Kahn, IBM had refused to resell Turbo Pascal unless the price was at least $200; Pournelle noted that 'Turbo is much better than the Pascal IBM sells', and unlike the latter was compatible with the. Three BYTE reviewers praised Turbo Pascal in the same issue. One called the DOS version 'without doubt, the best software value I have ever purchased', and another called the CP/M version 'an excellent product. Borland deserves praise for this high-value product'. The third stated that it was 'not a good compiler for developing massive applications', but added that it was greatly superior to, the programming language usually associated with home computers at the time. He concluded that Turbo Pascal was 'a bargain that shouldn't be passed up'.
Despite finding what it described as 'a serious bug' in version 3.0, and decreased compatibility with, the magazine in February 1986 stated that 'it is hard to avoid recommending Turbo to anyone who wants to program in Pascal', citing improved speed and graphic routines. When reviewing four other Pascal compilers in December 1986, BYTE described Turbo Pascal as 'practical and attractive to programmers at all levels of expertise'. Also praised the language in the magazine, stating in August 1985 that Turbo Pascal 'is best known for its small size, incredible compile speeds, and fast execution times'. He noted that the software's quality and low price had been especially surprising after the ' fiasco', and stated that even at the new higher $69.95 price, version 3.0 was 'probably still the best software deal on the market'. Was similarly complimentary in November 1984, stating that 'nothing like Turbo Pascal has ever existed for PC-DOS before'. It praised the software's low price, speed, unusually good documentation for a compiler, and noted the existence of many utilities from other companies that hoped to benefit from Turbo Pascal's popularity.
The review stated that the IDE that simplified the edit-compile-run-debug loop made Turbo Pascal accessible to new programmers like BASIC. BYTE in 1989 listed Turbo C and Turbo Pascal as among the 'Distinction' winners of the BYTE Awards. Citing their user interface and continued emphasis on speed, the magazine stated that 'for rapid prototyping there's not much better'.
In the same issue Pournelle again praised version 4.0 and 5.0 of Turbo Pascal. Citing as 'a good example of how complex a program you can write in Pascal', and the many libraries available from Borland and other developers, he wrote 'I am more and more convinced that Turbo Pascal is the programming language of choice for people who are more interested in what they want the machine to do than in how to make that happen.
Turbo Pascal may be neither as elegant nor as portable as C, but it's sure less obscure. I think it may well be the language for the rest of us'. Borland sold about 250,000 copies of Turbo Pascal in two years, which Webster described as 'an amazing figure for a computer language'. He reported six months later that the figure had risen to 'more than 400,000 copies in a marketplace that had been estimated as having only 30,000 potential buyers'.
CP/M and DOS versions. Gajic, Zarko. ^ Intersimone, David (2000-02-01). Embarcadero Technologies. ^ Intersimone, David (2000-02-10). Embarcadero Technologies. ^ Intersimone, David (2002-02-21).
Embarcadero Technologies. (February 1984). Retrieved 8 February 2015. (July 1984). Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Wadlow, Tom; Pierce, Al; Bridger, Mark (July 1984). BYTE (review). Retrieved 23 October 2013. Bridger, Mark (February 1986). Retrieved 9 May 2015. Shammas, Namir Clement (December 1986). Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ (August 1985). Retrieved 27 October 2013. Duntemann, Jeff (1984-11-13). Retrieved 25 October 2013. January 1989. (January 1989).
Webster, Bruce (February 1986). Retrieved 9 May 2015. Chapman, Merrill R.
Borland made its debut in the industry in a big way with the release of Turbo Pascal in November 1983. Turbo Pascal was a port to DOS and CP/M of Anders Hejlsberg's COMPAS Pascal, and it was released by Borland at a price that seemed amazing at that time: $49.95, about one-tenth the price of comparable products. Wallace, James; Erickson, Jim (1992). 'Growing Pains'. Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire. Embarcadero Web site: Antique Software: Turbo Pascal v3.02.
'Turbo Pascal 3 was the first Turbo Pascal version to support overlays, the Intel 8087 math co-processor and BCD math.' CDN » Museum. Borland Software Corporation. From the original on 2004-02-03. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
Borland Software Corporation. Archived from on 2003-08-13. Note to international users: This free Turbo Pascal 7 is available in French Only. The US version of Turbo Pascal 7 is not available as free download yet. For the US version please download Turbo Pascal 5.5 US below. Retrieved 2011-04-25. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015.
Retrieved 2015-11-16. CS1 maint: Unfit url Web page discussing the cause of the error and various solutions. Retrieved 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2015-11-16. (in German).
Cheng, Allen (1997). Retrieved 2010-09-28. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to., now hosted by Embarcadero Technologies., a description of the Turbo Pascal 3.0 compiler., complete source code of a Turbo Pascal 7.0-compatible compiler.
My Personal Site Turbo Pascal - subprograme Introducere Subprogramele sunt parti dn program identificate printr-un nume, prin intermediul caruia vor fi apelate. Vom scrie subprograme atunci cand: -anumite instructiuni dintr-un program apar in mai multe locuri; -dorim sa impartim problema in subprograme; Subprogramele pot fi: -functie-returneaza intotdeauna o singura valoare; -proceduri-pot returna zero, una sau mai multe valori; Functiile si procedurile pot fi standard(existente deja in limbajul pascal) si definite de utilizator. Functii standard: int, trunc, sqr, sqrt, abs, chr, ord, pred, succ; Proceduri standard: read, readln, write, writeln, val, str, inc, dec; OBS! Atat procedurile,cat si functiile trebuie declarate inainte de a fi apelate. STRUCTURA DE BLOC Un bloc cuprinde: -o parte optionala, alcatuita din declaratiile de constante, variabile, tipuri; -o parte obligatorie, ce cuprinde instructiuni; EX function cmmdc(x,y/integer):integer Begin while xy do if xy then x:=x-y else y:=y-x; cmmdc:=x; end.
Procdure afis var x: integer; begin x:=4; write(x); end. Programele Pascal pot cuprinde mai multe blocuri imbricate(incluse unul in altul).Prin domeniul de valabilitate al unui identificator se intelege zona de program in care este valabila declaratia sau definitia acelui identificator. Var x,y,z sunt globale Var x si t sunt locale blocului B Var b,y si u sunt locale blocului C Entitatile definite intr-un bloc sunt valabile (vizibile) numai in interiorul blocului, motiv pentru care acestea se numesc entitati locale.Aceste entitati apar la lansarea in executie a blocului si dispar la terminarea executiei blocului.Daca blocul cuprinde blocuri incluse atunci entitatile sunt vizibile si in blocurile imbricate daca nu au fost redefinite, motiv pentru care aceste entitati se numesc entitati globale. Domeniul de valabilitate al unei variabile este blocului in care au fost declarate, inclusiv in blocurile incluse daca in acestea nu au fost redefinite. DECLARAREA SUBPROGRAMELOR a)Proceduri procedure nume(lista parametri formali), unde nume reprezinta numele subprogramului, iar parametri formali reprezinta entitati cu care lucreaza subprogramul si sunt cunoscuti numai in interiorul acestora.Lista parametrilor formali cuprinde atat numele parametrilor, cat si tipul lor.Este posibil ca o partedein parametri sa fie precedati de cuvantul rezervat var. EX: procedure test(x,y:integer; var z: byte); x,y-date de intrare z-date de iesire procedure afis(x:integer); procedure suma(a,b:real;var s:real); procedure p(m,n,t:real;var x: boolean, var s, u: real); OBS! Lista parametrilor formali poate fi vida.
Program Pascal Menghitung Luas Segitiga
B)Functii function nume(lista parametri formali):tip; unde nume reprezinta numele functiei, lista parametri formali reprezinta parametri formali, iar tip reprezinta tipul vlorii returnate de functie. EX: function suma(x,y:integer):integer; functie cu numele suma,prametri formali x si y si valoarea returnata de tip integer function cmmdc(a,b: word):word; function prim(n:real):boolean; APELUL SUBPROGRAMELOR a)Proceduri Apelu procedurilor se face printr-o instructiune de apel de forma nume(lista prametri efectivi), unde nume reprezinta numele procedurii, iar lista parametri efectivi(actuali) reprezinta variabilele cu care lucreaza efectiv subprogramul. EX: test(a,b,c); afis(m); suma(x,y,z); p(a,b,c,d,e,f); b)Apelul functiilor Se face printr-o instructiune de apel de forma variab:=nume(lista parametri efectivi); unde nume reprezinta numele functiei,lista parametri efectivi reprezinta parametri efectivi. EX: s:=suma(a,b); c:=cmmdc(a,b); ok:=prim(x); OBS! Parametri efectivi trebuie sa corespunda ca numar, tip si ordine cu parametri formali raluk.raluk.